Targeting lipoprotein(a): modification of cardiovascular risk and current treatment options
Authors:
Tibor Porubän 1; Štefan Tóth 2
Authors‘ workplace:
I. kardiologická klinika LF UPJŠ a VÚSCH, a. s., Košice
1; Klinika geriatrie a ošetrovateľstva, LF UPJŠ a Vysokošpecializovaný odborný ústav geriatrický sv. Lukáša v Košiciach
2
Published in:
AtheroRev 2025; 10(1): 38-44
Category:
Reviews
Overview
Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), shares structural similarities with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) but is distinct because it includes the glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Due to its roles in promoting thrombosis and inflammation, Lp(a) is recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) levels are predominantly determined by genetics, with approximately 20%–25% of the global population having levels ≥ 50 mg/dL (or ≥ 125 nmol/L). Lifestyle and dietary changes have minimal or no impact on Lp(a) levels. Currently, lipoprotein apheresis is the only approved treatment for elevated Lp(a). However, this approach is time-consuming for patients and provides only moderate efficacy. While there is considerable interest in pharmacological strategies to lower Lp(a) levels and mitigate associated risks, existing lipid-lowering treatments show limited success in reducing Lp(a). Although statins remain the first-line therapy for lowering LDL cholesterol, they have not demonstrated a reduction in Lp(a)-related ASCVD risk. Medications like alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran can reduce Lp(a) levels by 20–25%, but it is unclear how these reductions translate into lower Lp(a)-mediated ASCVD risk. Niacin also lowers Lp(a) levels, though its role in reducing associated risks is uncertain, and side effects limit its widespread use. Guidelines for screening and managing high Lp(a) levels vary significantly across national and international recommendations. Emerging therapies targeting Lp(a) include three investigational compounds: small interfering RNA (siRNA) agents (olpasiran, SLN360) and an antisense oligonucleotide (pelacarsen). These treatments work by blocking the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) for apo(a), a critical component of Lp(a), thus significantly reducing its production in the liver. This review aims to outline current screening and management recommendations for elevated Lp(a), evaluate the impact of existing lipid-lowering therapies on Lp(a), and explore the potential of new treatments targeting Lp(a).
Keywords:
lipoprotein(a) – Cholesterol – treatment – cardiovascular risk
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