Hormone replacement therapy, atherosclerosis and importance of early intervention
Authors:
Tomáš Fait 1,2; Michal Vrablík 3
Authors‘ workplace:
Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika 2. LF UK a FN Motol
1; Katedra zdravotních studií VŠP Jihlava
2; Centrum preventivní kardiologie, III. interní klinika – endokrinologie a metabolismu 1. LF UK a VFN v Praze
3
Published in:
AtheroRev 2023; 8(1): 45-50
Category:
Reviews
Overview
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most effective therapy of acute climacteric syndrome and prevention of osteoporosis. When starting treatment within 10 years of menopause, i.e., before the onset of irreversible changes in the vessel wall and nervous tissues, it is a window of opportunity to prevent atherosclerosis and dementia. At a later start, on the contrary, it worsens these processes.
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis – hormone replacement therapy – timing of therapeutic intervention
Sources
1. NAMS Position Statement: The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. Menopause 2022; 29(7): 767–794. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002028>.
2. Salpeter SR, Cheng J, Thabane L et al. Bayesian metaanalysis of hormone therapy and mortality in younger postmenopausal women. Am J Med 2009; 122(11): 1016–1022.e1. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.021>.
3. Fait T. Hormone replacement therapy: latest developments and clinical practice. Drugs in Context 2019; 8: 212551. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.7573/dic.212551>.
4. Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB. Menopausal symptoms and their management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015; 44(3): 497–515. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001>.
5. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G et al. Study of Women´s Health Across the Nation. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(4): 531–539. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063>.
6. Biglia N, Cagnacci A, Gambacciani M et al. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk and other chronic diseases? Climacteric 2017; 20(4): 306–312. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13697137.2017.1315089>.
7. Thurston R, Chang Y, Barinas-Mitchel E et al. Physiologically assessed hot flashes and endothelial function among midlife women. Menopause 2017; 24(8): 886–893. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ GME.0000000000000857>.
8. Herber-Gast B, Brown WJ, Mishra GD. Hot flushes and night sweats are associated with coronary heart disease risk in midlife: a longitudinal study. BJOG 2015; 122(11): 1560–1567. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/1471–0528.13163>.
9. Thurston RC, Aizenstein HJ, Derby CA et al. Menopausal hot flashes and white matter hyperintensities. Menopause 2016; 23(1): 27–32. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000481>.
10. Notelovitz M, Lenihan JP, McDermont M et al. Initial 17-estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynekol 2000; 95(5): 726–731. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029–7844(99)00643–2>.
11. Panay N, Ylikorkala O, Archer DF et al. Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisteron acetate: effective menopausal symptom relief. Climacteric 2007; 10: 120–131. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13697130701298107>.
12. Stevenson JC, Durand G, Kahler E et al. Oral ultra-low dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0,5 mg 17-estradiol and 2,5 mg dydrogesterone for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. Maturitas 2010; 67(3): 227–232. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. maturitas.2010.07.002>.
13. Gambacciani M, Cappagli B, Ciaponi M et al. Ultra low-dose hormone replacement therapy and bone protection in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2008; 59(1): 2–6. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas. 2007.10.007>.
14. Lundström F, Bydgeson M, Svane G et al. Neutral effect of ultra-low- -dose continuous combined estradiol and norethisterone acetate on mammographic breast density. Climacteric 2007; 10(3): 249–256. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130701385805>.
15. Sturdee DW, Archer DF, Rakov V et al. Ultra-low-dose continuous combined estradiol and norethisterone acetate: improved bleeding profile in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008; 11(1): 63–73. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130701852390>.
16. Bergeron C, Nogales FF, Rechberger T et al. Ultra-low dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0.5mg 17beta-oestradiol and 2.5mg dydrogesterone: protection of the endometrium and amenorrhoea rate. Maturitas 2010; 66(2): 201–205. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.007>.
17. Koire A, Joffe H, Buckley R. Replacement in the Prevention and Treatment of Cognitive Decline, Dementia, and Cognitive Dysfunction of Depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30(4): 215–222. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000339>.
18. Kim J, Chang JH, Jeong MJ et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of effects of menopause hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 20631. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ s41598–020–77534–9>.
19. Fait T, Vrablik M. Coronary heart disease and hormone replacement therapy – from primary and secondary prevention to the window of opportunity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2012; 33(Suppl 2): 17–21.
20. Tan DA, Dayu AR. Menopausal hormone therapy: why we should no longer be afraid of the breast cancer risk. Climacteric 2022; 25(4): 362– 368. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2022.20357 11>.
21. Ruan X, Mueck AO. Primary choice of estrogen and progesteron as components of HRT. Climacteric 2022; 25(5): 443–452. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2022.2073811>.
22. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 107(1): 103–111. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549–007–9523-x>.
23. Collins P, Rosano G, Casey C et al. Management of cardiovascular risk in peri-menopausal woman. Eur Heart J 2007; 28(16): 2028–2040. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm296>.
24. Szklo M. Heart disease: the MRFIT test. J Public Health Policy 1983; 4(1): 5–7.
25. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Hjortland MC et al. Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham StudyAnn Intern Med. 1978; 89(2): 157– 161. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003–4819–89–2-157>.
26. Schulte H, Cullen P, Assmann G. Obesity, mortality and cardiovascular disease in the Münster Heart Study (PROCAM). Atherosclerosis 1999; 144(1): 199–209. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021– 9150(99)00055–6>.
27. [The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial]. Effect of estrogen or estrogen/ progestin regimens on heart disease factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273(3): 199–208.
28. Samsioe G. HRT and cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 997: 358–372. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/ annals.1290.039>.
29. Seed M. The choice of hormone replacement therapy or statin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women. Atheroscler Suppl 2002; 3(1): 53–63. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ s1567–5688(01)00009–5>.
30. Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B et al. Body weight, body fat distribution, and hormonal replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1997; 82(2): 414–417. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.2.3735>.
31. Prazny M, Fait T, Vrablik M. Effect of early estrogen replacement therapy on microvascular reactivity in patients after bilateral ovarectomy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007; 28(4): 496–501.
32. Fait T, Vrablík M, Zizka Z et al. Changes in Haemostatic Variables Induced by Estrogen Replacement Therapy: Comparison of Transdermal and Oral Methods of Administration in Cross-over Designed Study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008, 65(1): 47–51. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1159/000107492>.
33. Kaprál A, Hyánek J, Fait T et al. Homocystein, ovarektomie a estrogenní substituční terapie. Klin Biochem Metab 2003; 11/32(4): 226–230.
34. Fait T, Vrablík M, Koštířová M. Vliv různých aplikačních forem estrogenní substituční terapie na hladiny C-reaktivního proteinu. Čas Lék Čes 2006; 145(7): 571–574.
35. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ. Estrogen for women at varying risk of coronary disease. Maturitas 1998; 30(1): 19–26. Dostupné z DOI: <http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378–5122(98)00055–3>.
36. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(25): 1769–1775. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199706193362501>.
37. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush M. Randomised trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart desease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280(7): 605–613. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi. org/10.1001/jama.280.7.605>.
38. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288(1): 49–57. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.1.49>.
39. Furberg CD. To whom do the research findings apply? Heart 2002; 87(6): 570–574. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.87.6.570>.
40. Clarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H et al. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. BJOG 2002; 109(9): 1056–1062. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471–0528.2002.01544.x>.
41. Hsia J, Alderman EL, Verter Jl et al. Women´s angiographic vitamin and estrogen trial. Control Clin Trials 2002; 23(6): 708–727. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197–2456(02)00237>.
42. Karim R, Mack WJ, Lobo RA et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause 2005; 12(4): 366–373. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000153934.76086.A4>.
43. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288(3): 321–333. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ jama.288.3.321>.
44. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. [WHI Steering Commitee]. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291(14): 1701–1712. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ jama.291.14.1701>.
45. Kling JM, Lahr BA, Bailey KR et al. Endothelial function in women of the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric 2015; 18(2): 187–197. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2014.986719>.
46. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Tofteng CL et al. Response rates to oestrogen treatment in perimenopausal women: 5-year data from the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS). Maturitas 2004; 48(3): 307–320. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.03.009>.
Labels
Angiology Diabetology Internal medicine Cardiology General practitioner for adultsArticle was published in
Athero Review
2023 Issue 1
Most read in this issue
- How to make treatment faster than atherosclerosis
- Lipitension: new options of combination therapy
- Cardiovascular risk: from meaning to determination to communication with the patient
- The 95th percentile of LDL-cholesterol in the Czech population: The Czech post- MONICA study